Newsletter HARDASS Mnemonic for Normal Anion Gap Metabolic Acidosis HARDASS Mnemonic/Acronym HARDASS Mnemonic for Normal Anion Gap Metabolic Acidosis is one of the most popular and useful mnemonics to remember the causes of Normal Anion Gap Metabolic Acidosis. It can be a little difficult to remember the causes of Normal Anion Gap Metabolic Acidosis for your biology class or the MCAT. Now it’s easy with this HARDASS Mnemonic. Download our Medical MNEMONICS eBook What does HARDASS stand for? H – Hyperalimentation Normal gap metabolic acidosis is caused on by hyperalimentation in the form of overeating and Total Parenteral Nutrition (TPN). A – Addison’s Disease Addison’s disease, where there is a loss of aldosterone, leads to metabolic acidosis because of decreased activity of the the H+/ATPase pump in the intercalated cells of the collecting duct. As hydrogen is not secreted, due to a lack of aldosterone, H+ is retained inside the cells and consequently causes blood acidemia. R – Renal Tubular Acidosis Another reason for Normal Anion Gap Metabolic Acidosis is renal tubular acidosis. Acid builds up in the body as a result of the kidneys’ inability to properly acidify the urine. D – Diarrhea Due to an excessive loss of bicarbonate through the GI tract, diarrhea is a major cause of normal gap metabolic acidosis. A  – Acetazolamide A Normal Anion Gap Metabolic Acidosis can result from the loss of bicarbonate in the urine caused by carbonic anhydrase inhibitors like Acetazolamide. S – Spironolactone A Normal Anion Gap Metabolic Acidosis can be brought on by Spironolactone, which prevents aldosterone’s effects on the distal tubule. This is because a lack of aldosterone causes the sodium-hydrogen exchanger to waste sodium in the urine, leaving H+ in the serum. S – Saline Infusion Rapid infusion or sufficiently large doses of plasma expanders, such as normal saline, can sometimes lead to Normal Anion Gap Metabolic Acidosis. Click the button below to Download 570+ High-Yield Medical Presentations in Emergencies in Medicine Study Resources, Orthopedics Study Resources, Gynaecology & Obstetrics Study Resources, Surgery Study Resources, and Clinical Medicine   Get Lifetime Access to 570+ Medical Presentations Share this : [Sassy_Social_Share total_shares=”ON”] Related Articles Oh Oh Oh To Touch And Feel Very Good Velvet Ah Heaven – Mnemonic I GET SMASHED – Causes of Pancreatitis She Looks Too Pretty Try To Catch Her – Mnemonic for Carpal Bones FLAT PEG Mnemonic for Anterior Pituitary Hormones HARDASS Mnemonic for Normal Anion Gap Metabolic Acidosis MUDPILES Mnemonic for High Anion Gap Metabolic Acidosis Wet Wobbly Wacky – Mnemonic for Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus Library Anatomy Anesthesiology Biochemistry Cardiology Dermatology Emergency Endocrinology ENT Examinations Forensic Med. Obs. & Gynae. Hematology Medicine Microbiology Nephrology Neurology Oncology Ophthalmology Orthopaedics Paediatrics Parasitology Pathology Pharmacology Physiology Psychiatry Pulmonology Radiology Rheumatology Surgery

Newsletter MUDPILES Mnemonic for High Anion Gap Metabolic Acidosis Understanding the MUDPILES: A Comprehensive Guide to Metabolic Acidosis Metabolic Acidosis is characterized by a decreased pH and bicarbonate concentration in the blood. Metabolic acidosis can result from various factors. MUDPILES Mnemonic for High Anion Gap Metabolic Acidosis is one of the most popular and useful mnemonics to remember the causes of Increased Anion Gap Metabolic Acidosis. This mnemonic serves as a helpful tool for healthcare professionals to remember the diverse range of conditions that can lead to an accumulation of acids in the body. Download our Medical MNEMONICS eBook What does MUDPILES stand for? M – Methanol U – Uremia (chronic kidney failure) D – Diabetic ketoacidosis P – Paracetamol, Propylene glycol, Paraldehyde I – Infection, Iron, Isoniazid, Inborn errors of metabolism L – Lactic acidosis E – Ethylene glycol, Ethanol S – Salicylates Breaking down MUDPILES M – Methanol Methanol poisoning is a critical condition that can lead to metabolic acidosis. Methanol, commonly found in household products like solvents and antifreeze, can cause severe toxicity when ingested or absorbed. The metabolism of methanol produces formic acid, which contributes to metabolic acidosis. Rapid recognition and intervention are essential to prevent life-threatening complications.   U – Uremia Uremia refers to the presence of excessive urea and other waste products in the blood due to kidney dysfunction. Inadequate kidney function leads to the accumulation of these waste products, resulting in an increased anion gap metabolic acidosis. Uremia can occur in conditions such as acute kidney injury, chronic kidney disease, or end-stage renal disease. D – Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) Diabetic ketoacidosis is a well-known cause of metabolic acidosis in individuals with uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, particularly type 1 diabetes. In DKA, the body breaks down fats for energy in the absence of sufficient insulin, leading to the production of ketone bodies, including acetoacetate and β-hydroxybutyrate. These ketones contribute to the increased anion gap metabolic acidosis seen in DKA. P – Propylene Glycol Propylene glycol is a compound found in various medications, such as intravenous medications, and even in some processed foods. When metabolized, it can form lactic acid, contributing to metabolic acidosis. Propylene glycol toxicity is a rare but potentially serious condition, especially in patients with impaired liver function who struggle to metabolize this compound. I – Isoniazid (INH) or Iron Isoniazid, commonly used to treat tuberculosis, can lead to metabolic acidosis, particularly when taken in excessive doses. Additionally, iron poisoning can cause a severe accumulation of lactic acid due to impaired cellular respiration, resulting in metabolic acidosis. Prompt identification and management are crucial in these cases.   L – Lactic Acidosis Lactic acidosis can arise from various underlying conditions, including sepsis, shock, severe hypoxia, mitochondrial disorders, and certain medications like metformin. Lactic acid, produced during anaerobic metabolism, can accumulate and lead to metabolic acidosis. Identifying and addressing the root cause of lactic acidosis is pivotal for effective treatment. E – Ethylene Glycol Similar to methanol, ethylene glycol is found in antifreeze and other products. Ingestion of ethylene glycol can lead to metabolic acidosis due to the formation of glycolic acid and oxalic acid during its metabolism. Timely intervention is essential to prevent severe toxicity and the associated metabolic disturbances. S – Salicylates Salicylate poisoning, often seen with aspirin overdose, can result in metabolic acidosis. Salicylates impair the body’s ability to utilize carbohydrates, leading to an accumulation of ketoacids. Additionally, these compounds can directly stimulate the respiratory center, causing hyperventilation and respiratory alkalosis initially, followed by metabolic acidosis. A Short Summary of High Anion Gap Metabolic Acidosis MUDPILES serves as a valuable mnemonic for healthcare professionals to quickly recall the diverse array of conditions that can lead to metabolic acidosis. This acronym underscores the importance of a systematic approach to diagnosing and treating patients with acid-base imbalances. Timely recognition of the underlying cause and appropriate interventions can significantly impact patient outcomes. As medical knowledge continues to advance, understanding the nuances of metabolic acidosis remains a cornerstone of effective patient care. Click the button below to Download 570+ High-Yield Presentations in Emergencies, Orthopedics, Gynaecology & Obstetrics, Surgery, and Clinical Medicine Get Lifetime Access to 570+ Medical Presentations Share this : [Sassy_Social_Share total_shares=”ON”] Related Articles List of Anatomy Mnemonics MUDPILES Mnemonic for High Anion Gap Metabolic Acidosis I GET SMASHED – Causes of Pancreatitis Oh Oh Oh To Touch And Feel Very Good Velvet Ah Heaven – Mnemonic Hypocalcemia Mnemonic HARDASS Mnemonic for Normal Anion Gap Metabolic Acidosis Wet Wobbly Wacky – Mnemonic for Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus She Looks Too Pretty Try To Catch Her – Mnemonic for Carpal Bones FLAT PEG Mnemonic for Anterior Pituitary Hormones Load More Library Anatomy Anesthesiology Biochemistry Cardiology Dermatology Emergency Endocrinology ENT Examinations Forensic Med. Obs. & Gynae. 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Newsletter I GET SMASHED Mnemonic for causes of Pancreatitis I GET SMASHED Mnemonic/Acronym I Get Smashed Mnemonic is one of the most popular and useful mnemonics to remember the causes of Pancreatitis. Acute Pancreatitis is defined as inflammation of the pancreas within a short period of time. The 2 main causes of Acute Pancreatitis are Alcohol intake in Male and Gall Stone Disease in female. But there are other several causes that can be remembered using a popular mnemonic – I GET SMASHED   Download our Medical MNEMONICS eBook What does ”I GET SMASHED” stand for? The mnemonic “I GET SMASHED” represents common causes of acute pancreatitis. I – Idiopathic The letter I implies an idiopathic cause, which means that there is no known cause. Between 15 to 25% of cases of Pancreatitis are idiopathic. G – Gallstones Gallstones, one of the most typical causes of Acute Pancreatitis, are represented by the letter G. E – Ethanol The E represents ethanol (i.e., alcohol). About one-third of Acute Pancreatitis cases may be linked to heavy alcohol use. It is one of the most frequent causes of acute pancreatitis, along with gallstones. T – Trauma Trauma is denoted by the T. Accidental or surgical trauma can damage pancreatic tissue, which can lead to Acute Pancreatitis. S – Steroids Steroid use is indicated by the S. Large doses of steroids have the potential to cause Pancreatitis through an unidentified mechanism. M – Mumps, Malignancy (Pancreatic cancer) The mumps, a viral infection, is indicated by the letter M. According to studies, the most frequent cause of virus-induced pancreatitis is the mumps. A – Autoimmune Autoimmune is indicated by the letter A. When the pancreas is attacked by the body’s immune system, Autoimmune Pancreatitis results. Increased immune cell infiltration into pancreatic tissue is linked to it, though the specific mechanism is unknown. S – Scorpion sting The S stands for Scorpion Poison. Acute pancreatitis from scorpion stings is possible but uncommon. H – Hypercalcemia, Hypertriglyceridemia (Usually more than 1000mg/dL) Hypertriglyceridemia and hypercalcemia are both indicated by the letter H. Those who have hypertriglyceridemia-related pancreatitis frequently have triglyceride levels above 1,000 mg/dL. Similar to the proposed mechanism of Hypertriglyceridemia, Hypercalcemia above 14mg/dl is thought to occur. E – ERCP Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, also known as ERCP, is a procedure used to identify problems with the biliary or pancreatic ducts. Through an obstruction or injury, ERCP can cause acute pancreatitis. D – Drugs The D stands for drugs or medications like Azathioprine, Isoniazid, Metronidazole, etc.    Causes of Acute Pancreatitis Click the button below to Download 570+ High-Yield Medical Presentations in Emergencies in Medicine Study Resources, Orthopedics Study Resources, Gynaecology & Obstetrics Study Resources, Surgery Study Resources, and Clinical Medicine   Get Lifetime Access to 570+ Medical Presentations Share this : [Sassy_Social_Share total_shares=”ON”] Related Articles I GET SMASHED – Causes of Pancreatitis She Looks Too Pretty Try To Catch Her – Mnemonic for Carpal Bones FLAT PEG Mnemonic for Anterior Pituitary Hormones Oh Oh Oh To Touch And Feel Very Good Velvet Ah Heaven – Mnemonic Wet Wobbly Wacky – Mnemonic for Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus HARDASS Mnemonic for Normal Anion Gap Metabolic Acidosis MUDPILES Mnemonic for High Anion Gap Metabolic Acidosis Library Anatomy Anesthesiology Biochemistry Cardiology Dermatology Emergency Endocrinology ENT Examinations Forensic Med. Obs. & Gynae. Hematology Medicine Microbiology Nephrology Neurology Oncology Ophthalmology Orthopaedics Paediatrics Parasitology Pathology Pharmacology Physiology Psychiatry Pulmonology Radiology Rheumatology Surgery

Newsletter FLAT PEG Mnemonic for Anterior Pituitary Hormones FLAT PEG Mnemonic/Acronym It can be a little difficult to learn about the Anterior Pituitary Hormones for your biology class or the MCAT. FLAT PEG Mnemonic for Anterior Pituitary Hormones is one of the most popular and useful mnemonics to remember the hormones released in the Anterior Pituitary. Download our Medical MNEMONICS eBook What does FLAT PEG stand for? FSH – Follicle Stimulating Hormone LH – Leutinizing Hormone ACTH – Adrenocorticotropic Hormone TSH – Thyroid Stimulating Hormone Prolactin Endorphins Growth Hormones   This mnemonic is also useful since it will help you remember which hormones belong to which class. There are two important classes of hormones. 1) Tropic – hormones that act on other endocrine glands. 2) Direct – hormones that act directly on some other, non-endocrine, part of the body. The FLAT hormones are all tropic hormones (you can remember this by picturing a flat, tropical beach) and the PEG hormones are direct (you can remember this because you can picture a peg going directly into a piece of wood).   Anterior Pituitary Hormones Click the button below to Download 570+ High-Yield Medical Presentations in Emergencies in Medicine Study Resources, Orthopedics Study Resources, Gynaecology & Obstetrics Study Resources, Surgery Study Resources, and Clinical Medicine   Get Lifetime Access to 570+ Medical Presentations Short summary of the Anterior Pituitary Hormone System The anterior pituitary is an endocrine gland that releases a variety of hormones in response to stimuli from the hypothalamus and other sources. The hypothalamus is the bridge between the Endocrine and Nervous systems. The hypothalamus controls the anterior pituitary gland through the release of tropic hormones into the hypophyseal portal system, which directly connects the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary. When a hormone from the hypothalamus arrives at the anterior pituitary, it will regulate the gland by either stimulating or blocking the release of an anterior pituitary hormone. Once a hormone is released from the anterior pituitary, it will go on to act on other endocrine tissues (in the case of tropic/FLAT hormones) or to act directly on some other part of the body (in the case of direct/PEG hormones).   Click Here to learn about all of the useful Mnemoncis related to the Endocrine System     Share this : [Sassy_Social_Share total_shares=”ON”] Related Articles I GET SMASHED – Causes of Pancreatitis HARDASS Mnemonic for Normal Anion Gap Metabolic Acidosis She Looks Too Pretty Try To Catch Her – Mnemonic for Carpal Bones Wet Wobbly Wacky – Mnemonic for Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus MUDPILES Mnemonic for High Anion Gap Metabolic Acidosis Oh Oh Oh To Touch And Feel Very Good Velvet Ah Heaven – Mnemonic FLAT PEG Mnemonic for Anterior Pituitary Hormones Library Anatomy Anesthesiology Biochemistry Cardiology Dermatology Emergency Endocrinology ENT Examinations Forensic Med. Obs. & Gynae. Hematology Medicine Microbiology Nephrology Neurology Oncology Ophthalmology Orthopaedics Paediatrics Parasitology Pathology Pharmacology Physiology Psychiatry Pulmonology Radiology Rheumatology Surgery

Newsletter Anatomy Mnemonics These MNEMONICS will be useful for you to remember the Anatomical structures in the human body. In this article, we’ve listed the most useful mnemonics for your Anatomy exams. 1) Rotator Cuff Muscles – Mnemonics Scooby Investigated The Mysterious Scene Supraspinatus Infraspinatus Teres Minor Subscapularis The humerus SITS in the glenoid fossa Supraspinatus Infraspinatus Teres minor Subscapularis 2) Bones of the Upper Limbs – Mnemonics How Rare U Cook Mesquite Pork? Humerus Radius Ulna Carpal bones Metacarpal bones Phalanges Hurry! Ralph Untie Carol’s Mini Pechay Humerus Radius Ulna Carpal bones Metacarpal bones Phalanges He Races Until Chunky Men Pace Humerus Radius Ulna Carpal bones Metacarpal bones Phalanges 3) Bones of the Lower Limbs From Pennies To Fives They May Pay Femur Patella Tibia Fibula Tarsal bones Metatarsal bones Phalanges 4) Cranial Bones F POETS “Fluffy Puppies On Every Third Street” Frontal Parietal Occipital Ethmoid Temporal Sphenoid Fit People Occasionally Eat Table Salt Frontal Parietal Occipital Ethmoid Temporal Sphenoid Fat People Only Eat Thick Steak Frontal Parietal Occipital Ethmoid Temporal Sphenoid Fraternity Parties Occasionally Teach Spam Etiquette Frontal Parietal Occipital Temporal Sphenoid Ethmoid 5) Holes In Bone FFNF “Fireman Fight Notorious Fires Foramen Fissure Notch Fossa Flowers Flow Neatly Fabulously Foramen Fissure Notch Fossa Family Feuds are No Fun Foramen Fissure Notch Fossa 6) Projections of Bone PTTTCC “People Take Teaspoons Temporarily Causing Constipation Process Tubercle Tuberosity Trochanter Condyle Crest 7) Joint In The Wrist RIC “Rice Is Curing Radiocarpal Intercarpal Carpometacarpal RIC “Really Interesting Crap Radiocarpal Intercarpal Carpometacarpal Roads In California Radiocarpal Intercarpal Carpometacarpal Rum In Coke Radiocarpal Intercarpal Carpometacarpal 8) Joints/Sutures of Skull CLSS “Crazy Llamas Sassing Santa Coronal suture Lambdoid suture Squamosal suture Sagittal suture The Lazy Cat Sleeps Safely Temporomandibular joint Lambdoid suture Coronal suture Squamous suture Sagittal suture 9) Bones of the Pectoral Girdle and Arm CS “Continuous Starvation Clavicle Scapula CS “Clearwater Sucks Clavicle Scapula Crazy Seals Clavicle Scapula 10) Bone Markings of Humerus Let’s Rewatch Criminal Minds L-lateral epicondyle R-radial fossa C-coronoid fossa M-medial epicondyle Let’s Roll Clay Moons L-lateral epicondyle R-radial fossa C-coronoid fossa M-medial epicondyle 9) Rotator Cuff Muscles SITS “Sit In The Seat” Supraspinatus Infraspinatus Teres Minor Subscapularis Shit I Trusted Sam Supraspinatus Infraspinatus Teres Minor Subscapularis Swimming In The Summer Supraspinatus Infraspinatus Teres Minor Subscapilaris She Is The Scientist Supraspinatus Infraspinatus Teres Minor Subscapilaris 9) Skull Sutures “Come Sing Love Songs” Coronal Suture Sagittal Suture Lambdoid Suture Squamous Suture “Come Smoke L ‘s Sam Coronal Suture Sagittal Suture Lambdoid Suture Squamous Suture “Can Seagulls Lift Snacks Coronal Suture Sagittal Suture Lambdoid Suture Squamous Suture 9) Vertebral Regions “Can The Ladies Stand Comfortably” “Candy Takes Liking Stripping Catiously” Cervical Thoracic Lumbar Sacral Coccygeal (These are in order superior to inferior – or starting from the top of the spine to the bottom) Can Tinkerbell Let Stars Collide Cervical Thoracic Lumbar Sacral Coccygeal (These are in order superior to inferior – or starting from the top of the spine to the bottom) 9) Bones of the Hand “Please Make Cookies” Phalanges Metacarpal bones Carpal bones (These are in order from the distal end of the fingertips to the wrist) “Please Massage Chest” Phalanges Metacarpal bones Carpal bones (These are in order from the distal end of the fingertips to the wrist) People Make Choices Phalanges Metacarpal bones Carpal bones (These are in order from the distal end of the fingertips to the wrist) 9) Bones of the Arm “Ultra Red Hair” Ulna Radius Humerus “Ultimate Rave Headquarters Ulna Radius Humerus Usually Really Hard Ulna Radius Humerus Unemployment Rises High Ulna Radius Humerus 9) Bones of the Phalanges Damn My Pinky! Distal phalanx Middle phalanx Proximal phalanx From distal to proximal. Dick Move Pal! Distal phalanx Middle phalanx Proximal phalanx From distal to proximal. Distance My People Distal phalanx Middle phalanx Proximal phalanx Don’t Make Problems Distal phalanx Middle phalanx Proximal phalanx 9) Anterior Flexor Muscles of the Forearm Cats Run Circles Under Dogs Stomachs Carpi Radialis Carpi Ulnaris Digitorum Superficialis Can’t Really Come Until Day Six Carpi Radialis Carpi Ulnaris Digitorum Superficialis 9) Anterior leg Compartment “The Hospitals Are Not Dirty Places” Tibialis anterior extensor Hallucis longus anterior tibial Artery deep fibular Nerve extensor Digitorum longus Peroneus tertius [aka fibularis tertius][1] “Those Horses Are Never Doing Pilates” Tibialis anterior extensor Hallucis longus anterior tibial Artery deep fibular Nerve extensor Digitorum longus Peroneus tertius [aka fibularis tertius][1] “Tom Had A Night Down Town” Tibialis anterior extensor Hallucis longus anterior tibial Artery deep fibular Nerve extensor Digitorum longus Tertius for fibularis tertius 9) Posterior Leg Compartment (Posterior Ankle Structures) Tom Dig A Nice Hole Tibialis posterior Flexor Digitorum longus Artery – Posterior tibial artery Nerve – Tibial nerve Flexor Hallucis longus Tom, Dick, And Very Naughty Harry Tibialis posterior Flexor Digitorum longus Posterior tibial Artery Posterior tibial Vein Tibial Nerve Flexor Hallucis longus 9) Brachial plexus Posterior Cord Branches STAR – Subscapular (upper and lower), Thoracodorsal, Axillary, Radial. RATS– Radial nerve, Axillary nerve, Thoracodorsal nerve, Subscapular (Upper & Lower) nerve. ULTRA – Upper subscapular, Lower subscapular, Thoracodorsal, Radial, Axillary. ULNAR– Upper subscapular nerve, Lower subscapular nerve, Nerve to latissimus dorsi, Axillary nerve, Radial nerve. Lateral Cord Branches LLM “Lucy Loves Me” – Lateral pectoral, Lateral root of the median nerve, Musculocutaneous. Love Me Latha (LML) – Lateral pectoral nerve, Musculocutaneous nerve, Lateral root of Median nerve. Look My Lancer – Lateral pectoral nerve, Musculocutaneous nerve, Lateral root of Median nerve. Medial Cord Branches MMMUM “Most Medical Men Use Morphine” – Medial pectoral, Medial cutaneous nerve of arm, Medial cutaneous nerve of forearm, Ulnar, Medial root of the Median nerve. “Money Makes Many Men Unhappy” – Medial pectoral nerve, Medial cutaneous nerve of arm, Medial cutaneous nerve of forearm, Medial root of median nerve, Ulnar nerve. “M4U” – Medial pectoral nerve, Medial cutaneous nerve of arm, Medial cutaneous nerve of forearm, Medial root of median nerve, Ulnar nerve. Union of 4 Medials – Ulnar nerve, Medial cutaneous nerve of arm, Medial cutaneous nerve of forearm, Medial pectoral nerve, Medial root of Median nerve. 5 main nerves of brachial plexus, in order laterally to medially “My Aunty Rocks My Uncle” – Musculocutaneous, Axillary, Radial, Median, Ulnar. 9) Bowel components “Dow Jones Industrial Average Closing Stock Report”[1] From proximal to distal: Duodenum Jejunum Ileum Appendix Colon Sigmoid Rectum 9)Carotid sheath contents I See 10 CC’s in the IV I See (I.C.) = Internal Carotid artery 10 = CN 10 (Vagus nerve) CC = Common Carotid artery IV = Internal Jugular Vein 9) Cavernous sinus contents O TOM CAT:[1]p. 1 O TOM are lateral wall components, in order from superior to inferior. CA are the components within the sinus, from medial to lateral. CA ends at the level of T from O TOM. Occulomotor nerve (III) Trochlear nerve (IV) Ophthalmic nerve (V1) Maxillary nerve (V2) Carotid artery Abducent nerve (VI) T: When written, connects to the T of OTOM 9) Celiac trunk(Coeliac trunk): branches Left Hand Side (LHS): Left gastric artery Hepatic artery Splenic artery 9) Cranial bones Old People From Texas Eat Spiders Occipital Parietal Frontal Temporal Ethmoid Sphenoid Funny People Over Entertainment Try Songs Frontal Parietal Occipital Ethmoid Temporal Sphenoid 9) Vertebral column can this little servant cook ? Cervical (atlas, axis) thoracic lumbar sacral coccygeal “Can Tall Ladies Sit Comfortably” Cervical Thoracic Lumbar Sacral Coccygeal 9) Tributaries of the Inferior vena cava “I Like To Rise So High” Iliac vein (common) Lumbar vein Testicular (gonadal) vein (direct tributary on right side; empties into